Offensive smell resembling rotten eggs or other sulfury off-flavors.

Sulfur mineral itself has no scent. The odor of rotten eggs actually comes from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is a by product of sulfur - it can be produced in water (including humidity in the air). Volcanoes and hot springs could produce H2S via the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals. The odor can be detected at 2 parts per bilion (ppb).

Ninety-five percent of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a heavy, colorless gas with an odor like just struck matches. 

Most thiols (compounds containing an SH functional group) smell like variations on garlic or skunk. Sulfides have the structure R-S-R′, and are therefore the sulfur analogues of ethers. Hydrogen sulfide smells like 'rotten egg', while Dimethyl sulfide has a smell that is usually described as 'rotting cabbage', 'cooked cauliflower' or just plain 'unpleasant. Dimethyl Disulfide smells like rotting meat. Methanethiol (or methyl mercaptan  - CH3SH) smells like rotten cabbage or urine after eating asparagus. 

Sulfur-reducing bacteria, which use sulfur as an energy source, are the primary producers of large quantities of hydrogen sulfide. These bacteria chemically change natural sulfates in water to hydrogen sulfide. Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. are the most abundant organisms colonizing moist areas of the body and emitting sulfury odors. 

species of spherical, gram-positive bacteria Streptococci (from phylum Firmicutes) that forms chains and colonizes the mouth and upper respiratory tract of humans just a few hours after birth, making further exposure to the bacteria harmless in most circumstances. It is considered to be a "good" oral bacteria fighting bad odor and disease-causing species yet, if it gets into bloodstream (what, fortunately, rarely happens), it could be associated with sepsis in people with neutropenia (a deficiency in white blood cells). Streptococcus salivarius secretes a glucosltransferase (Gtf) which forms a glucan from sucrose and it uses sucrose (but not glucose) to build a capsule around itself. This bacteria can ferment the glucose yielding lactic acid. S. salivarius is also known to secrete an enzyme called urease. Urease can catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide 

Species of budding yeast, the "top fermenting" type, also called the "brewer’s yeast" and literally translated from Latin as "the sugar fungus of the beer." This yeast reproduces through a process called budding, meaning that its daughter cells split right from its side (as in the picture). Cells are round, 5-10 micrometers in diameter. 
Different S.cerevisiae strains produce more carbon dioxide (useful in bread making) or more alcohol (for brewing or wine-making). It is believed to have been originally found on the skin of grapes, although it was, for the first time, isolated 1938, from rotten figs in Merced, California.
There have been documented cases of Gut Fermentation Syndrome in humans with causative agent Saccharomyces cerevisiae in their intestines (measured in stool culture). The symptoms usually resolve after treatment with antifungals and a low carbohydrate diet.

being in a position in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks rather than one's feet when back is upright, especially when engaged in a particular activity.
1 Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET), a physiological measure expressing the energy cost of physical activities, is defined as the rate of energy produced per unit surface area of an average person seated at rest. 

Here are sample METs per activities involving sitting:
Sitting, playing with animals. light, only active periods  2.5
Sitting quietly, smoking. listening to music (not talking or reading), watching a movie in a theater 1.0
Sitting and reading 1.3
Sitting and eating 1.5
Sitting-arts and crafts, light effort 1.5
Sitting-arts and crafts, moderate effort 2.0
Sitting at a sporting event, spectator 1.5
Sitting while taking medication 1.0
Sitting while having hair or nails done by someone else 1.0

Supplement, a vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and mineral iron (ferrous sulfate) combination preventing or treating low levels of iron in the blood that may be used for other conditions as determined by the doctor. 

Medical conditions that may interact with ferrous sulfate/vitamin c:

• Pregnancy and breast-feeding
• Allergies
• Inflammation of the intestines, Crohn disease, digestive problems, ulcers, anemia, or a blood disease (eg, porphyria, thalassemia)
• Multiple blood transfusions
• Sickle cell disease or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

MEDICINES that MAY INTERACT with ferrous sulfate/vitamin c:

• Doxycycline, mycophenolate, penicillamine, or thyroid hormones (eg, levothyroxine) because their effectiveness may be decreased by ferrous sulfate/vitamin c

• Take ferrous sulfate/vitamin c by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.
• Swallow ferrous sulfate/vitamin c whole. Do not break, crush, or chew before swallowing.
• Take ferrous sulfate/vitamin c with a full glass of water (8 oz/240 mL). Do not lie down for 30 minutes after taking ferrous sulfate/vitamin c.
• If you are also taking antacids, a bisphosphonate (eg, alendronate), cephalosporin (eg, cephalexin), methyldopa, penicillamine, quinolone (eg, ciprofloxacin), or tetracycline (eg, minocycline) along with ferrous sulfate/vitamin c, you may need to space the doses several hours apart. Ask your doctor or pharmacist how much time is needed between doses of ferrous sulfate/vitamin c and your other medicines.
• Certain foods and drinks may decrease the amount of ferrous sulfate/vitamin c that works in your body. Ask your doctor or pharmacist how you should take ferrous sulfate/vitamin c if you consume whole grain breads or cereal, dairy products, coffee, or tea.
• If you miss a dose of ferrous sulfate/vitamin c, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

• Do not take large doses of vitamins while you use ferrous sulfate/vitamin c unless your doctor tells you to.
• Do NOT take more than the recommended dose or take for longer than 6 months without checking with your doctor.
• Ferrous sulfate/vitamin c has iron in it. Iron overdose is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children younger than 6 years old. In case of an overdose, call a doctor or poison control center right away.
• Diabetes patients - Ferrous sulfate/vitamin c may cause the results of some tests for urine glucose to be wrong. Ask your doctor before you change your diet or the dose of your diabetes medicine.
• Lab tests, including complete blood cell counts and blood iron levels, may be performed while you use ferrous sulfate/vitamin c. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.
• Ferrous sulfate/vitamin c should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.

Possible side effects of ferrous sulfate/ vitamin c:
Constipation; darkened or green stools; diarrhea; nausea; stomach upset.
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); black, tarry stools; blood or streaks of blood in the stool; fever; vomiting
Symptoms of overdose may include difficulty breathing; loss of consciousness; seizures; severe nausea; stomach pain; tarry stools; unusual tiredness; vomiting; weak, fast heartbeat.

Store ferrous sulfate/vitamin c at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep ferrous sulfate/vitamin c out of the reach of children and away from pets.
​

• Sorbifer Durules brands - Egis, Romania; Egis, Russian Federation
• Sorbifer brands -  Egis, Georgia; Egis, Slovakia; Egis Pharmaceuticals, Poland
• Other Brands: Fero-Grad (Pharma Logistics, Belgium), Fero-Grad Vitamin C (Teofarma, France) Vitelle Irospan, Ferroplex (Teva, Lituania), Kendural (Teofarma, Switzerland), Timoferol (Elerte, Lebanon; Elerté, France), Feroplect (SIC BHFZ, Georgia), Ferrograd-C (Abbott, New Zealand; Abbott, Oman)

​The minute fluctuations in atmospheric pressure that accompany the passage of a sound wave. It starts from a simple vibration  - and if it's frequency (number of vibrations per second) and amplitude (change in atmospheric pressure also known as sound or acoustic pressure) is inside the range of human hearing, it is a heart of everything from music to conversations, chirps, blare and crash. 

The range of hearing for a healthy young person is 15-20 hertz to 20,000 hertz. A normal middle-aged adult can hear from 12000 to 14000 hertz, losing ability to hear sounds above 15kHz at 40 and 12kHz after 50. Between the 80+ and 90+ age groups, most threshold changes are at only 500 Hz and 1 kHz but not at high frequencies. Noise-induced hearing loss usually makes it harder to hear lower frequencies, such as those between 3 kHz and 6 kHz, whereas presbycusis gradually erodes our ability to hear higher frequency sounds in general.

spherical gram-positive bacterium, that is immobile (nonmotile, no flagella) and forms grape-like clusters. Staphylococci (genus Staphylococcus) are commonly found on the skin and hair as well as in the noses, throats, genital tracts of people and animals, and includes bacteria that can cause food poisoning and other infections. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections and is responsible for various diseases including: mild skin infections (impetigo, folliculitis, etc.), invasive diseases (wound infections, osteomyelitis, bacteremia with metastatic complications, etc.), and toxin mediated diseases (food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome or TSS, scaled skin syndrome, etc.). Infections are preceded by colonization. Approximately 30% of the normal healthy population is affected by S. aureus as it asymptomatically colonizes human hosts. 
​

tube inserted into a blood vessel or duct to keep the passageway open.

Coronary stents:
Bare-metal stents (BMS) were introduced in the mid-1990s with the aim of overcoming the deficiencies of balloon angioplasty (it could weakens the artery wall making it collapse once the balloon is deflated. Besides, In between 30 and 40 percent of all procedures within the first year, ​ the artery begins to renarrow as a result of the body’s healing response to the trauma of angioplasty, the equivalent of scar tissue forming over an injury.). Subsequent refinement to earlier designs offer improved flexibility, making it easier to deliver to the narrowed artery, yet, in between 20 and 30 percent of cases the treated artery was found to re-narrow within six months of stent insertion, leading to the need for a repeat procedure. While the risk of developing in-stent restenosis is linked to a variety of clinical and procedural factors (particularly diabetes, long lesions, small vessels and procedural failure), all BMS, regardless of the thickness of the struts, provoke a considerable proliferative response.

Drug-eluting stents (DES) were developed to specifically address the problems of restenosis encountered with BMS. Some drugs, such as paclitaxel, can be coated directly on a metal stent, whereas the majority of the drugs need to be attached to a polymer, which acts as a drug reservoir

The first DES to be launched was the Cypher® stent in 2003, followed by the Taxus® stent in 2004. Cypher was eluting Sirolimus (rapamycin) - a sophisticated natural antibiotic, developed for its powerful immunosuppressive activity (SES). Taxus contained Paclitaxel (1 microg/mm) -  Taxol®, a plant alkaloid. a drug used to treat ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic and other cancers. These were first generation drug-eluting stents (1st generation DES):  sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) and  paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES). 

2nd-generation DES, such as zotarolimus-eluting (Endeavor® - ZES), Endeavor®Resolute  (ZES-R). and everolimus-eluting stents (Xience V® - EES), became available in the USA and/or Europe by 2007-2008, and the first-in-human clinical trials of these generation were completed in 2003. The clinical benefits of one DES over another are less clear-cut, although a number of studies have shown that second generation DES are superior to original DES in terms of preventing further cardiovascular complications or the need for a repeat stenting procedure, as with Xience® versus Cypher.

​In 2009, it was reported that compared with the other DES, ZES appeared less effective than SES but better than PES at 3 years follow-up, as confirmed by the 3-year results of the ENDEAVOR IV trial, presented at the Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics (TCT) 2009 meeting by Martin Leon

A 2013 study named everolimus-ES and Resolute zotarolimus-ES emerging as the safest stents to date, while second-generation biodegradable polymer-based DES fell short of high expectations. Many complex and critically relevant, interplaying factors influence the individual clinical outcome, including lesion complexity, coronary anatomy, comorbidities, and operator technical skill. 

A 2014 study concluded that second-generation EES and ZES-R offer similar levels of efficacy compared with first-generation SES, but are more effective than PES; however, only second-generation EES significantly reduced the incidence of heart attack (MI) and stent thrombosis (ST), and therefore should be perceived as the safest DES to date. 

3rd generation DES started to appear commercially in 2010-2011. 
While durable polymers and eluted drugs, such as everolimus and zotarolimus, are all components of the second generation DES, it is the advanced base metallic structure of these newer stents that justifies the category of third generation. Platinum Chromium is the foundation of the ION paclitaxel-eluting platinum chromium coronary stent system. Other examples of 3rd generation drug eluting stents include ‘Resolute Integrity’ that releases the drug zotarolimus and ‘Promus Element’ that releases the drug everolimus.

Biodegradable polymers have been developed to overcome the long-term adverse vascular reactions related to the durable polymer. Biolimus-eluting stent (BES)  is using biodegradable polymers. And so are 3rd generation Orsiro Hybrid sirolimus-eluting stentd with biodegradable polymer (O-SES, Biotronik) vs the widely used 2nd generation zotarolimus-eluting stents with durable polymer. 

However, and disappointingly, with respect to safety endpoints, second-generation biodegradable polymer-based DES fell short of high expectations, and differences when compared with second-generation DP DES become obvious, with everolimus-eluting stents and Resolute zotarolimus-eluting stents emerging as the safest stents to date.3

Newer third-generation stent technology, especially biodegradable polymers, polymer-free stents, and biodegradable stents on the basis of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) or magnesium, has been evaluated in preclinical and initial clinical trials. However, despite encouraging initial results, long-term data of large-scale randomized trials as well as registries comparing them to currently approved first- and second-generation DES are still lacking. 

One of the oldest forms of bacteria and archaea that convert hydrogen (H2) and sulfate (SO2) into hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) colonize the guts of ∼50% of humans, are very diverse and include Proteobacteria - such as aerotolerant Desulfovibrio inhabiting human gut. These lactate- and hydrogen-utilizing bacteria are the principal SRB (60-80%) in studies of colonic sulfur metabolism. Desulfovibrio strain NY682, Desulfovibrio piger and Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis have been isolated from blood, brain abscess, periodontal pockets, appendix, liver, colon and bowel and are characterized by strong sulfurous odor in the environment. Other sulfate-reducing Proteobacteria found in natural environments include anaerobes Desulfomicrobium (including periodontal bacteria Desulfomicrobium orale sp. nov.), hydrogen-utilizing Desulfobulbus (present in aquatic sediments and human gut), acetate-utilizing Desulfobacter, acetone-utilizing Desulfococcus, Desulfosarcina, Desulfobacterium, Desulfonema, acetate- and butyrate-utilizing Desulfotomaculum, and Thermodesulfobacterium; also Desulfuromonas, Desulfurella, Geobacter, and Pelobacter. Interesting to note that 25% of humans do not show sulfate-reducing even though they have Desulfobulbus and other above mentioned bacteria in the gut.
The second group comprising genera from the Gamma and Epsilon Proteobacteria classes are microaerophiles, which are not able to completely oxidize organic substrates to CO2; they include Wolinella, Campylobacter, Shewanella, Sulfurospirillum, and Geospirillum bamesi. Sulfate-reducing archaea is also quite phylogenetically diverse including but not limited to the following orders: Thermococcales, Thermoproteales, Pyrodictales, Sulfolobales, Pyrodictales, and Sulfolobales. Desulfuromonas acetoxidans was the first SRB isolated from anaerobic sulfide containing marine mud sediments. Archaea Archaeoglobus, Thermocladium and Caldivirga are found in hydrothermal vents, oil deposits, and hot springs.