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ACE inhibitors

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are drugs that block the formation of angiotensin II in the kidney, leading to relaxation of the arteries.
These antihypertensive drugs actually​  help to manage a variety of conditions including high blood pressure, heart failure, scleroderma and migraines. 
There are many ACE inhibitor drugs, main difference among them is in how the body gets rid of them afterwards: some are eliminated primarily by the kidneys while others are also eliminated in bile and feces. Except for captopril (Capoten) and lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), ACE inhibitors are inactive until they are converted to an active form in the body

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Acetaminophen

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 Acetaminophen (United State Adopted Name: USAN) or Paracetamol (International Nonproprietory name: INN) is a popular drug used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. It's analgesic (pain reliver) and antipyretic (reducing fever). Acetaminophen is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications and many prescription analgesics. It is safe in standard doses, but because of its wide availability, deliberate or accidental overdoses are not uncommon. Acetaminophen, unlike other common analgesics such as aspirin and ibuprofen, is not a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID. In normal doses acetaminophen does not irritate the lining of the stomach nor affect blood coagulation, the kidneys, or the fetal ductus arteriosus (as NSAIDs can).
Acetaminophen is used on its own or in combination with pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, codeine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone.


General Dosing Guidelines for adults: 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours or 1000 mg every 6 to 8 hours

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Adalimumab

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human monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cell signaling protein  - cytokine - involved in systemic inflammation). Adalimumab is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a mammalian cell expression system. It consists of 1330 amino acids and has a molecular weight of approximately 148 kilodaltons. Trade names: Humira (Abbvie) and Exemptia (biosimalr by Zydus Cadila). Adalimumab has been approved in the United States for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (psA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis (Ps), moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 

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Amlodipine

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calcium channel blocker relaxing (widening) blood vessels to improve blood flow. Amlodipine is used to lower blood pressure and prevent chest pain. Brand names: Norvasc; Tekamlo, Caduet, Amturnide. 
Side effects include Dizziness, swelling of ankles/feet, nausea, abdominal/stomach pain, flushing.

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Angiotensin II receptor blockers

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ARBs for short, these medications block the action of angiotensin II (hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance, sodium and water) by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors on the muscles surrounding blood vessels. As a result, blood vessels widen, enlarge, relax (dilate), and blood pressure is reduced, making it easier for the heart to pump blood. ARBs are some of the best selling drugs for treating high blood pressure, heart failure, and kidney disease from diabetes, but no good studies comparing these drugs to each other exist.   One study showed that  patients taking Merck’s Losartan had almost a 50% higher risk of dying compared with those taking AstraZeneca’s Candesartan.

COMPARISON OF ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs)
Drug                            Half life/Elimination    Dose Equivalence    Maximum daily dose
Losartan (Cozaar®)   6-9 hrs       50mg                            100mg
Candesartan (Atacand®)  9 hrs          8mg                              32mg
Eprosartan (Teveton®)     20 hrs         600mg                        800mg
Irbesartan (Avapro®)   11-15 hrs 150mg                         300mg
Telmisartan (Micardis®)  24 hrs   40mg                            80mg
Valsartan (Diovan®)   6 hrs           80mg                         160mg (evaluated in heart failure studies)
Azilsartan                    11 hrs
Olmesartan                 13 hours
Fimasartan                  7–11 hours


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Antacids

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Drugs or supplements that neutralize the gastric acid and raise the gastric pH, so are used to treat dyspepsia and are used as symptomatic relief of peptic ulcer. Most antacids contain a mixture of aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide or calcium carbonate. 
In addition to antacids, there are several types of nonprescription acid reducers on the market. Examples include H2 blockers (such as  nizatidine (Axid), famotidine (Pepcid, Pepcid AC), cimetidine (Tagamet, Tagamet HB) and  ranitidine (Zantac), and proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole (Prilosec), lansopraole (Prevacid), pantoprazole (Nolpaza), and esomeprasole (Nexium). 

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Antiplatelet medications

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Antiplatelets are a group of medicines that stop blood cells (called platelets or thrombocytes) from sticking together and forming a blood clot.  
The body sends platelets to the site of the injury, where these cells clump together to form a blood clot and stop the bleeding. This is good for a cut or a wound, but not for an injured (inflamed, with plague build-ups or devices placed inside - like stents) blood vessel. Antiplatelet medicines are taken to stop blood clots from forming by attacking different factors contributing to this process - activation of platelets, adhesion or aggregation. 



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Antipruritics

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Anti-itch drugs, medications that inhibit the itching associated with allergic reactions, eczema, psoriasis, chickenpox, fungal infections, insect bites sunburns, contact dermatitis or urticaria caused by plants.
The active ingredients in antioruritics (including topical (applied directly to the body: creams, oinments, lotions and sprays) and oral drugs) usually belong to these classes:
Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone topical cream, see topical steroid
Counterirritants, such as mint oil, menthol, or camphor
Local anesthetics such as lidocaine and benzocaine topical creams
Nalfurafine, an orally-administered, centrally-acting κ-opioid receptor agonist approved for uremic pruritus and effective in animal models of other prurituses

​See also related entries in Aurametrix such as  anal itching or itchy eyes

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Aspirin

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Aspirin
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) used medicinally to relieve mild or chronic pain and to reduce fever and inflammation.
Pure synthetic aspirin has only been manufactured and marketed since 1899, but plant extracts such as willow bark and spiraea rich in salicylic acid had been known to help alleviate headaches, pains (rheumatism, headache, neuralgia, arthritis, gout, and angina.), and reduce fevers since antiquity. 
Aspirin is part of a group of medications called 
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Used long-term, at low doses, aspirin could help prevent 
heart attacks, strokes, and blood clot formation. Aspirin may be effective at preventing certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.

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Beta blockers

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Drugs that prevent the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors responsible for increased cardiac action by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. Beta blockers are used to control heart rhythm, treat angina, and reduce high blood pressure. They are also prescribed for anxiety. 

Examples of oral beta blockers include:
  • Acebutolol (Sectral)
  • Atenolol (Tenormin)
  • Bisoprolol (Zebeta)
  • Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL)
  • Nadolol (Corgard)
  • Nebivolol (Bystolic)
  • Propranolol (Inderal LA, InnoPran XL)

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